Triple Canopy: Access to Tools

Researching military spending

http://www.jobs-not-wars.org/

http://www.jobs-not-wars.org/reuters-investigation-sheds-light-on-the-pentagons-epic-waste/

http://www.jobs-not-wars.org/options-for-reducing-the-deficit-2014-to-2023/

49638-BudgetOptions

https://www.usaspending.gov/

https://www.nationalpriorities.org

http://www.cga.ct.gov/2013/ACT/PA/2013PA-00019-R00SB-00619-PA.htm

List by the International Institute for Strategic Studies World Military Balance 2015 (for 2014)[1]	List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2015 Fact Sheet (for 2014)[2]
Rank Country Spending ($ Bn.)  % of GDP — World total 1 United States 679.5 3.3 2 China 129.4 1.2 3 Saudi Arabia 80.8 10.7 4 Russia 70.0 3.7 5 United Kingdom 61.8 2.1 6 France 53.1 1.8 7 Japan 47.7 1.0 8 India 45.2 2.2 9 Germany 43.9 1.1 10 South Korea 34.4 2.4 11 Brazil 31.9 1.3 12 Italy 24.3 1.1 13 Israel 23.2 7.6 14 Australia 22.5 1.5 15 Iraq 18.9 8.5	Rank Country Spending ($ Bn.) % of GDP — World total 1,776.0 2.3 1 United States 610.0 3.5 2 China[a] 216.0 2.1 3 Russia[a] 84.5 4.5 4 Saudi Arabia[b] 80.8 10.4 5 France 62.3 2.2 6 United Kingdom 60.5 2.2 7 India 50.0 2.4 8 Germany[a] 46.5 1.2 9 Japan 45.8 1.0 10 South Korea 36.7 2.6 11 Brazil 31.7 1.4 12 Italy 30.9 1.5 13 Australia 25.4 1.8 14 United Arab Emirates[a] 22.8 5.1 15 Turkey 22.6 2.2

 

Raw Notes

Mining Map – Layer 1

Chemicals and minerals:

Lithum:

Saudi Arabia, Afganistan, and:

Country	Production	Reserves[note 2]
World total	34,000	13,000,000
Chile	12,600	7,500,000
Australia	9,260	970,000
People’s Republic of China	5,200	3,500,000
Argentina	3,200	850,000
Portugal	820	10,000
Canada (2010)	480	180,000
Zimbabwe	470	23,000
Brazil	160	64,000

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is widely used in lithium ion battery cathodes. The material is composed of cobalt oxide layers in which the lithium is intercalated. During discharging the lithium intercalated between the layers is set free as lithium ion.[55] Nickel-cadmium[56] (NiCd) and nickel metal hydride[57] (NiMH) batteries also contain significant amounts of cobalt; the cobalt improves the oxidation capabilities of nickel in the battery.[56]

Cobalt:

The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite (see above), but most cobalt is obtained not by active mining of cobalt ores, but rather by reducing cobalt compounds that occur as by-products of nickel and copper mining activities. In 2005, the copper deposits in the Katanga Province (former Shaba province) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share

Copper:

This is list of countries by copper production is mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in June 2008. Some 2013 updates are provided for the top 10 producers based on USGS[1]

Rank	Country/Region	2006 Copper production (tonnes)	2013 Copper production (tonnes)
	World	15,100,000	17,900,000
1	Chile	5,360,800	5,700,000
2	United States	1,220,000	1,220,000
3	Peru	1,049,933	1,300,000
4	China	915,000	1,650,000
5	Australia	875,000	990,000
6	Indonesia	817,796	380,000
7	Russia	675,000	930,000
8	Zambia	502,998	830,000
9	Canada	606,958	630,000
10	Poland	497,200	430,000
11	Kazakhstan	459,200	440,000
12	Iran	249,100	255,000[2]
13	Papua New Guinea	194,355
14	Argentina	180,144
15	Brazil	147,836
16	DR Congo	131,400
17	Mongolia	129,675
18	Mexico	129,042
19	Uzbekistan	103,500
20	Bulgaria	99,000
21	South Africa	89,700
22	Sweden	86,746
23	Serbia	80,000
24	Portugal	78,660
25	Laos	60,803
26	India	31,000
27	Turkey	30,000
28	Botswana	24,255
29	Burma	19,500
30	Pakistan	18,700
31	Armenia	17,800
32	Philippines	17,700
33	Nigeria	16,200
34	Georgia	14,600
35	Finland	13,000
36	Romania	12,179
37	North Korea	12,000
38	Vietnam	11,400
39	Spain	8,700
40	Macedonia	7,054
41	Namibia	6,262
42	Mauritania	5,031
43	Morocco	4,500
44	Tanzania	3,285
45	Zimbabwe	2,581
46	Japan	1,000
47	Cyprus	900
48	Saudi Arabia	604
49	Colombia	600
50	Albania	400

Silver:

Photography used 30.98% of the silver consumed in 1998 in the form of silver nitrate and silver halides. In 2001, 23.47% was used for photography, while 20.03% was used in jewelry, 38.51% for industrial uses, and only 3.5% for coins and medals. The use of silver in photography has rapidly declined, due to the lower demand for consumer color film from the advent of digital technology; since 2007, of the 907 million ounces of silver in supply, just 117.6 million ounces (13%) were consumed by the photographic sector, about 50% of the amount used in photography in 1998. By 2010, the supply had increased by about 10% to 1056.8 million ounces, of which 72.7 million ounces were used in the photographic sector, a decline of 38% compared with 2007.[24]

Some electrical and electronic products use silver for its superior conductivity, even when tarnished. The primary example of this is in high quality RF connectors. The increase in conductivity is also taken advantage of in RF engineering at VHF and higher frequencies, where conductors often cannot be scaled by 6%, due to tuning requirements, e.g. cavity filters. As an additional example, printed circuits and RFID antennas can be made using silver paints,[7][25] and computer keyboards use silver electrical contacts. Silver cadmium oxide is used in high-voltage contacts because it can withstand arcing.

Some manufacturers produce audio connector cables, speaker wires, and power cables using silver conductors, which have a 6% higher conductivity than ordinary copper ones of identical dimensions, but cost much more. Though debatable, many hi-fi enthusiasts believe silver wires improve sound quality.[citation needed]

Small devices, such as hearing aids and watches, commonly use silver oxide batteries due to their long life and high energy-to-weight ratio. Another usage is high-capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries.

The principal sources of silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, China, Australia, Chile, Poland and Serbia.[7] Peru, Bolivia and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546, and are still major world producers. Top silver-producing mines are Cannington (Australia), Fresnillo (Mexico), San Cristobal (Bolivia), Antamina (Peru), Rudna (Poland), and Penasquito (Mexico).[51] Top near-term mine development projects through 2015 are Pascua Lama (Chile), Navidad (Argentina), Jaunicipio (Mexico), Malku Khota (Bolivia),[52] and Hackett River (Canada).[51] In Central Asia, Tajikistan is known to have some of the largest silver deposits in the world.[53]

Resin:

A few plants produce resins with different compositions, most notably Jeffrey Pine and Gray Pine, the volatile components of which are largely pure n-heptane with little or no terpenes.

Sulfur:

Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide. The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental sulfur by the Claus process. Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.[27] Another way of storing sulfur is as a binder for concrete, the resulting product having many desirable properties (see sulfur concrete).[28]

The world production of sulfur in 2011 amounted to 69 million tonnes (Mt), with more than 15 countries contributing more than 1 Mt each. Countries producing more than 5 Mt are China (9.6), US (8.8), Canada (7.1) and Russia (7.1).[29] While the production has been slowly increasing from 1900 to 2010, the price was much less stable, especially in the 1980s and around 2010.[30]

This bubble map shows the global distribution of sulphuric acid output in 2000 as a percentage of the top producer (China – 24,270,000 tonnes). This map is consistent with incomplete set of data too as long as the top producer is known. It resolves the accessibility issues faced by colour-coded maps that may not be properly rendered in old computer screens. Data was extracted on 16^th June 2007. Source – http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cdb/cdb_source_xrxx.asp?source_code=6 Based on :Image:BlankMap-World.png

Coltan/Tantalum:

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Australia	41.7%	45.7%	56.1%	54.8%	71.5%	75.9%	71.0%	73.8%	42.4%	54.3%	45.3%	55.9%	63.9%	59.8%	56.4%	61.9%	54.9%	50.6%	46.8%	12.1%
Brazil	22.7%	17.6%	15.0%	16.1%	15.0%	13.9%	14.1%	13.4%	39.8%	25.6%	17.8%	17.8%	13.6%	15.6%	14.9%	15.7%	20.2%	20.6%	15.1%	26.9%
Canada	21.7%	19.5%	12.0%	8.1%	10.8%	9.1%	14.1%	12.0%	7.3%	8.4%	5.3%	6.5%	3.9%	4.3%	4.0%	4.6%	6.4%	5.2%	3.4%	3.7%
D.R. Congo	2.5%	3.4%	2.0%	1.9%	0.3%	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	12.1%	5.1%	2.0%	1.2%	1.4%	2.4%	1.6%	8.1%	8.4%	13.0%
Africa. excl.DR Congo	11.4%	13.8%	14.8%	19.0%	2.4%	0.8%	0.8%	0.7%	10.5%	11.8%	19.4%	14.7%	16.5%	19.1%	23.3%	15.5%	16.8%	15.5%	26.3%	44.3%

Phenol: Phenol is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.

Chromium:

Chromium is mined as chromite (FeCr2O4) ore.[10] About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, while Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers. Untapped chromite deposits are plentiful, but geographically concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa.[11]

RAW MATERIAL (used in several camera components)

Oil:

#	Producing Nation	103bbl/d (2006)	103bbl/d (2007)	103bbl/d (2008)	103bbl/d (2009)	Present Share
1	Saudi Arabia (OPEC)	10,665	10,234	10,782	9,760	11.8%
2	Russia1	9,677	9,876	9,789	9,934	12.0%
3	United States1	8,331	8,481	8,514	9,141	11.1%
4	Iran (OPEC)	4,148	4,043	4,174	4,177	5.1%
5	China	3,846	3,901	3,973	3,996	4.8%
6	Canada2	3,288	3,358	3,350	3,294	4.0%
7	Mexico1	3,707	3,501	3,185	3,001	3.6%
8	United Arab Emirates(OPEC)	2,945	2,948	3,046	2,795	3.4%
9	Kuwait (OPEC)	2,675	2,613	2,742	2,496	3.0%
10	Venezuela (OPEC) 1	2,803	2,667	2,643	2,471	3.0%
11	Norway1	2,786	2,565	2,466	2,350	2.8%
12	Brazil	2,166	2,279	2,401	2,577	3.1%
13	Iraq (OPEC) 3	2,008	2,094	2,385	2,400	2.9%
14	Algeria (OPEC)	2,122	2,173	2,179	2,126	2.6%
15	Nigeria (OPEC)	2,443	2,352	2,169	2,211	2.7%
16	Angola (OPEC)	1,435	1,769	2,014	1,948	2.4%
17	Libya (OPEC)	1,809	1,845	1,875	1,789	2.2%
18	United Kingdom	1,689	1,690	1,584	1,422	1.7%
19	Kazakhstan	1,388	1,445	1,429	1,540	1.9%
20	Qatar (OPEC)	1,141	1,136	1,207	1,213	1.5%
21	Indonesia	1,102	1,044	1,051	1,023	1.2%
22	India	854	881	884	877	1.1%
23	Azerbaijan	648	850	875	1,012	1.2%
24	Argentina	802	791	792	794	1.0%
25	Oman	743	714	761	816	1.0%
26	Malaysia	729	703	727	693	0.8%
27	Egypt	667	664	631	678	0.8%
28	Colombia	544	543	601	686	0.8%
29	Australia	552	595	586	588	0.7%
30	Ecuador (OPEC)	536	512	505	485	0.6%
31	Sudan	380	466	480	486	0.6%
32	Syria	449	446	426	400	0.5%
33	Equatorial Guinea	386	400	359	346	0.4%
34	Thailand	334	349	361	339	0.4%
35	Vietnam	362	352	314	346	0.4%
36	Yemen	377	361	300	287	0.3%
37	Denmark	344	314	289	262	0.3%
38	Gabon	237	244	248	242	0.3%
39	South Africa	204	199	195	192	0.2%
40	Turkmenistan	No data	180	189	198	0.2%
41	Trinidad and Tobago	181	179	176	174	0.1%

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Wolframite:

Tungsten is found in the minerals wolframite (iron–manganese tungstate, (Fe,Mn)WO4), scheelite (calcium tungstate, (CaWO4), ferberite (FeWO4) andhübnerite (MnWO4). China produced 51,000 tonnes of tungsten concentrate in 2009, which was 83% of the world output. In the prelude to WWII China’s production of tungsten played a role as China could use this leverage to demand material assistance from the US government.[23] Most of the remaining production originated from Russia (2,500 t), Canada (1,964 t), Bolivia (1,023 t), Austria (900 t), Portugal (900 t), Thailand (600 t), Brazil (500 t), Peru (500 t) and Rwanda (500 t).[24] Tungsten is also considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[25][26] Rising prices in 2014 have enabled works to reopen the disused Hemerdon Bal tungsten-tine mine in Plymouth in the United Kingdom.[27]

Cassiterite (tin):

Most sources of cassiterite today are found in alluvial or placerdeposits containing the resistant weathered grains. The best sources of primary cassiterite are found in the tin mines of Bolivia, where it is found in hydrothermal veins. Rwanda has a nascent cassiterite mining industry. Fighting over cassiterite deposits (particularly inWalikale) is a major cause of the conflict waged in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[5][6] This has led to cassiterite being considered a conflict mineral.

Cassiterite is a widespread minor constituent of igneous rocks. The Bolivian veins and the old exhausted workings of Cornwall, England, are concentrated in high temperature quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives. The veins commonly contain tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, wolframite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite. The mineral occurs extensively in Cornwall as surface deposits on Bodmin Moor, for example, where there are extensive traces of an hydraulic mining method known as streaming. The current major tin production comes from placer or alluvial deposits in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Maakhir region of Somalia, and Russia.Hydraulic mining methods are used to concentrate mined ore, a process which relies on the high specific gravity of the SnO2 ore, of about 7.0.

Steel:

Rank	Country/Region	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
—	World	1,351.3	1326.5	1,219.7	1,413.6	1,490.1	1552.9	1607.2
1	People’s Republic of China	494.9	500.3	573.6	626.7	683.3	724.7	779.0
–	European Union	210.2	198.2	139.3	172.8	177.7	168.6	165.6
2	Japan	120.2	118.7	87.5	109.6	107.6	107.2	110.6
3	United States	98.1	91.4	58.2	80.6	86.2	88.6	87.0
4	India	53.5	57.8	62.8	68.3	72.2	77.3	81.2
5	Russia	72.4	68.5	60.0	66.9	68.7	70.6	69.4
6	South Korea	51.5	53.6	48.6	58.5	68.5	69.3	66.0
7	Germany	48.6	45.8	32.7	43.8	44.3	42.7	42.6
8	Turkey	25.8	26.8	25.3	29.0	34.1	35.9	34.7
9	Brazil	33.8	33.7	26.5	32.8	35.2	34.7	34.2
10	Ukraine	42.8	37.3	29.9	33.6	35.3	32.9	32.8
11	Italy	31.6	30.6	19.7	25.8	28.7	27.2	24.1
12	Taiwan	20.9	19.9	15.7	19.6	22.7	20.7	22.3
13	Mexico	17.6	17.2	14.2	17.0	18.1	18.1	18.4 est
14	France	19.3	17.9	12.8	15.4	15.8	15.6	15.7
15	Iran	10.1	10.0	10.9	12.0	13.0	14.5	15.4
16	Spain	19.0	18.6	14.3	16.3	15.6	13.6	13.7
17	Canada	15.6	14.8	9.0	13.0	13.1	13.5	12.5 est
18	United Kingdom	14.3	13.5	10.1	9.7	9.5	9.6	11.9
19	Poland	10.6	9.7	7.2	8.0	8.8	8.4	8.0
20	Austria	7.6	7.6	5.7	7.2	7.5	7.4	7.9
21	South Africa	9.1	8.3	7.5	8.5	6.7	7.1	7.2 est
22	Belgium	10.7	10.7	5.6	8.1	8.1	7.4	7.1
23	Egypt	6.2	6.2	5.5	6.7	6.5	6.6	6.8
24	Netherlands	7.4	6.8	5.2	6.7	6.9	6.9	6.7 est
25	Malaysia	6.9	6.4	4.0	4.1	5.9	5.6	5.9 est
26	Vietnam	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.7	4.9	5.3	5.6
27	Saudi Arabia	4.6	4.7	4.7	5.0	5.3	5.2	5.4
28	Czech Republic	7.1	6.4	4.6	5.2	5.6	5.1	5.2
29	Argentina	5.4	5.5	4.0	5.1	5.7	5.0	5.2
30	Australia	7.9	7.6	5.2	7.3	6.4	4.9	4.6 est
31	Slovakia	5.1	4.5	3.7	4.6	4.2	4.4	4.5
32	Sweden	5.7	5.2	2.8	4.8	4.9	4.3	4.4
33	Finland	4.4	4.4	3.1	4.0	4.0	3.8	3.5
34	Thailand	5.6	5.2	3.6	3.7	4.2	3.3	3.5 est
35	Kazakhstan	4.8	4.3	4.1	4.3	4.7	3.9	3.3 est
36	Romania	6.3	5.0	2.7	3.9	3.8	3.3	2.9
37	United Arab Emirates	0.09	0.09	0.2	0.5	2.0	2.4	2.9 est
38	Indonesia	4.2	3.9	3.5	3.6	3.6	2.3	2.4 est
39	Belarus	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.3
40	Venezuela	5.0	4.2	3.8	2.2	3.1	2.4	2.3
—	Others[6]	30.7 (est.)	28.6 (est.)	23.3 (est.)	26.5 (est.)	29.9	29.5	28.4

Chemicals:

Silver halide – A halide is made out of two parts, a halogen atom, (produced by a mineral or salt) and a less or more electronegative atom, to create for example fluoride or chloride.

Amoniac – Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.

Gelatin – obtained from various animal products.

Alum – To obtain alum from alunite crystals it is calcined and then exposed to the action of air for a considerable time. During this exposure it is kept continually moistened with water, so that it ultimately falls to a very fine powder

Formaldehyd- is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol.

http://www.jazdchemicals.com/chemyellowpages/leaf/Organic-Compounds/Aldehydes/Formaldehyde.htm

Aldehydes India 1247, Sector-15,Faridabad, Haryana, (India)
Lanxess Formalin Facility, Krefeld-Uerdingen, Germany

US: http://www.thomasnet.com/products/formaldehyde-31173800-1.html

http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/formalin.html

http://www.made-in-china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/Formaldehyde.html

http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/03/04/291842/iran-launches-largest-me-formalin-plant/

http://www.tradeindia.com/manufacturers/formaldehyde-plant.html

suppliers:

http://supplier.ec21.com/formalin.html

http://www.alibaba.com/formalin-suppliers.html

http://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Formalin-Suppliers/ct-1000455757

http://www.nzchemicalsuppliers.co.nz/list/search?search=Formaldehyde

http://www.chemnet.com/Other-Regions/Products/Formalin/Suppliers-0-0.html

http://www.chemindustry.com/apps/search?category_id=11&search_term=FORMALDEHYDE

Glyoxal prepared by the gas-phase oxidation of ethylene glycol (used in the manufacture of polyester fibers for for example PET bottles)

Saponin (plant-derived from for example the maple tree)

Suppliers:

http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/saponins.html

http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/saponin-manufacturers.html

Phenol (from petroleum)

http://www.shell.com/global/products-services/solutions-for-businesses/chemicals/products/phenol-acetone-nonene/phenol.html

http://www.indianindustry.com/solvents/phenol.html

http://www.jazdchemicals.com/chemyellowpages/leaf/Organic-Compounds/Phenol.htm

http://www.doverchem.com/products/alkylphenols.aspx

http://gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com/default.cgi/action/viewcompanies/buyers-importers-distributors/phenol/

http://www.ineos.com/businesses/ineos-phenol/

http://www.thomasnet.com/products/phenolic-resins-67620302-1.html

Thymol (organic from thyme oil)

Suppliers:

http://www.alibaba.com/products/F0/thymol_supplier/CID830.html

http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/thymol-crystals.html

South Eastern Center for Contemporary Art’s Collective Actions exhibition

http://secca.org/exhibition/collective-actions/ Building A Biosphere

http://collectiveactions.secca.org

  

Sacred waste by Sarah A. Riccardi

Sacred waste or holy trash refers to the afterlife of things employed within religious, spiritual, and civil contexts that are then recycled, upcycled, or discarded (Anderson 2010: 35). This vernacular concept is beginning to take root in religious studies and literary studies, both of which are fields that have recently started to encourage research on ecology, environmentalism, and waste in relationship to religion and spirituality. Found within a variety of contexts, examples of sacred waste include leftover communion elements in Christian traditions; the remains of prasad in Hindu devotional activities; Torahs no longer in circulation in Jewish communities; faded icons found in the home shrines of Eastern Orthodox believers; and a wide variety of other items used by practitioners of faith traditions. However, sacred waste is not limited to institutional and vernacular forms of religion. Public items that are associated with forms of national pride, such as flags and emblems, constructed spaces, and land are often imbued with a sense of symbolic identity. Thus the retirement or destruction of such entities can cause public outcry if the items are not removed or disposed of in a manner that acknowledges socio-political, religious, national, or ethnic pride. Sacred waste is made up of more than the composite of its material elements because of its close proximity to and association with holiness or sacredness, the essence of which can become infused within or attached to the items themselves. Often, the spiritual dimension of holy things engenders deep emotional feelings on the part of practitioners, creating complex dilemmas that call into question the boundaries of holiness, sacridity and the agency of both the person and the object being discarded.

What or who defines the sacred items that ultimately become refuse? This question is not new– indeed, it harkens back to Mary Douglas’ work on purity and emic and etic understandings of sacredness (Douglas 1966). The subjective and culturally specific nature of belief means that sacred trash can take many different forms, for even everyday items can be considered sacred or holy by the discarder. In this way, sacred trash becomes a means by which individuals can authenticate their faith, spirituality, or rituals, often challenging institutional, homogeneous understandings of holiness and authority. These negotiations have political implications, highlighting the loci of power within traditional forms of religion and how new, consumer-driven forms of faith and spirituality are destabilizing formal institutions of religious power. This is best seen in the hybrid and “syncretistic” forms of Catholicism that meld together religious and secular things, creating an amalgamated form of waste that possesses a complex religious and emotional nature, such as votive candles, prayer cards, family photos, and incense. For practitioners, the remains of these items are sacred and, thus, should be disposed of or recycled in an appropriate manner that adheres to a personal or collective understanding of what is proper and legitimate theologically, culturally, and historically. However, in institutional religious settings, this type of garbage may not be view as sacred, leading to a fissure between vernacular folk piety and the authoritative hierarchy. In this manner, trashing functions as heresy and subversion, and a catalyst for socio-religious change. An example of the subversive nature of sacred trash outside of institutional religion can be seen at the annual Burning Man event in northern Nevada. There a symbolic effigy is reduced to ash, to sacred waste, and through the creation of holy refuse, attendees express their cultural ideals and desire to move beyond normative understandings of civil engagement.

The very idea of sacred waste also brings up ethical issues that are found in other areas of discard studies; namely, how does one properly dispose of used items in moral and ethical ways that concomitantly address religious obligations and environmental concerns? Implicit within this question are issues of socio-religious identity, the relationship between institutional hierarchy and vernacular practices, and negotiation of spiritual and physical boundaries. These dilemmas take on more salient concerns with the centrality of new technologies, such as the Internet marketplace and digital printers, through which consumers can and do purchase and produce goods that are used in religious rituals, spiritual acts, and, often, everyday life events. This type of mediated consumption is seen in Eastern Orthodoxy in the United States, where practitioners often print out paper icons on their home laser printers. These images become part of the circulation of the material holy in Orthodox economies until such time as they begin to fade and decay. The inevitable disintegration of paper icons means that they must be preserved, burned, or buried in accordance with the religious laws of the group… https://www.academia.edu/17969600/Sacred_Waste

Major producers of aluminum in 2012/ 2013 (USGS figures).

Rank	Country/Region	Aluminium production (thousands of tonnes)
—	World	47,300[3]
1	People’s Republic of China	21,500[3]
2	Russia	3,950[3]
3	Canada	2,900[3]
4	United States	1,950[3]
5	United Arab Emirates	1,800[3]
6	Australia	1,750[3]
7	India	1,700[3]
8	Brazil	1,330[3]
9	Norway	1,200[3]
10	Bahrain	900[3]
11	Iceland	825[3]
12	South Africa	820[3]
13	Qatar	600[3]
14	Mozambique	560[3]
15	Argentina	460[3]
16	Germany	400[3]
17	Oman	360
18	France	349
19	New Zealand	327
20	Iran	320
21	Tajikistan	273
22	Egypt	265
23	Indonesia	250
24=	Kazakhstan	249
24=	Romania	249
26	Spain	230
27	Venezuela	200[3]

Major producers of Cement in 2013:

Rank	Country/Region	mil Tonnes
1	People’s Republic of China	2,300
2	India	280
3	United States	77.8
4	Iran	75
5	Brazil	70
6	Turkey	70
7	Russia	65
8	Viet Nam	65
9	Japan	53
10	Saudi Arabia	50
11	South Korea	49
12	Egypt	46
13	Mexico	36
14	Indonesia	58
15	Thailand	35
16	Germany	34
17	Pakistan	32
18	Italy	29
19	Algeria	21 [2]

Major producers of Potash in 2013:

Major producers of Gold in 2012:

Major producers of Zinc in 2011:

Major producers of Diamonds in 2011:

Major producers of Magnese in 2011:

Major producers of Cobalt in 2011:

Major producers of Gypsum by country in 2009:

	Country	World Production, By Country (Thousand metric tons)
1	China	46,000
2	United States	14,400
3	Iran, Islamic Republic Of	12,000
4	Spain	11,500
5	Thailand	8,000
6	Japan	5,800
7	Canada	5,740
8	Italy	5,400
9	Mexico	5,135.15
10	France	4,800
11	Australia	4,000
12	Turkey	3,000
13	India	2,550
14	Russian Federation	2,300
15	Saudi Arabia	2,300
16	Brazil	2,100
17	Egypt	2,000
18	Germany	1,900
19	United Kingdom	1,700
20	Algeria	1,672

Major producers of Silver by country in 2012:

Mexico
Mine production: 162.2 million ounces

China
Mine production: 117 million ounces

Peru
Mine production: 111.3 million ounces

Australia
Mine production: 56.9 million ounces

Russia
Mine production: 45 million ounces

Poland
Mine production: 41.2 million ounces

Bolivia
Mine production: 39.7 million ounces

Chile
Mine production: 37 million ounces

United States
Mine production: 32.6 million ounces

Argentina
Mine production: 24.1 million ounces

Paper Production worldwide in 2010/2011:

Rank 2011	Country	Production in 2011 (1,000 ton)	Share 2011	Rank 2010	Production in 2010 (1,000 ton)
1	China	99,300	24.9%	1	92,599
2	United States	75,083	18.8%	2	75,849
3	Japan	26,627	6.7%	3	27,288
4	Germany	22,698	5.7%	4	23,122
5	Canada	12,112	3.0%	5	12,787
6	South Korea	11,492	2.9%	8	11,120
7	Finland	11,329	2.8%	6	11,789
8	Sweden	11,298	2.8%	7	11,410
9	Brazil	10,159	2.5%	10	9,796
10	Indonesia	10,035	2.5%	9	9,951
	World Total	398,975	100.0%		394,244

Top Timber producing countries in 2012:

Map of renewable water resources based on country:

Scratchpad: On Loss

A climate ethics is inextricably linked to a social and economic ethics

Can we establish a climate ethics when we can’t even establish a human ethics?

What is the total impact of an increasingly unsustainable expansion of global consumerism?

What does fairness mean in an era of warming?

New York’s 1950’s Anti-Litter Campaign

Before performing a burial: Researching objects in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia

Titles: Social Justice Within Supply and Waste Chains

http://www.cleanclothes.org/resources/recommended-reading

 

Allen, J. (2008) Claiming connections: a distant world of sweatshops. In Barnett, C, Robinson, J and Rose, G. (eds) Geographies of Globalization: Living in a Demanding World London: Sage: 7-54

Barnett, C. Cloke, P. Clarke, N. & Malpass, A. (2011) Globalising Responsibility. Oxford: Blackwell

Barrientos, S. (2000) Globalisation and ethical trade. Journal of International Development 12.4: 559-70

Boyd, A. (ed) (2012) Beautiful trouble: a toolbox for revolution. New York: O/R Books [link]

Castree, N. (2001) Commodity fetishism, geographical imaginations and imaginative geographies. Environment and Planning A, 33: 1519-1525

Clarke, N. (2008) From ethical consumerism to political consumption. Geography compass 2(6): 1870-1884

Cook, I. & Woodyer, T. (2012) Lives of things. in Sheppard, E., Barnes, T. & Peck, J. (eds) The new companion to economic geography. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 226-241

Crewe, L. (2004) A thread lost in an endless labyrinth: unraveling fashion’s commodity chains. in Hughes, A. and Reimer, S. (eds) Geographies of commodity chains London Routledge: 195 – 214

Darts, D. (2004) Visual culture jam: art, pedagogy and creative resistance. Studies in Art Education 45(4): 313-327 [download]

Field, Tory (2013) Harvesting Justice: Transforming Food, Land, and Agriculture Systems in the Americas, Other Worlds are Possible

Foster, R. (2006) Tracking globalization: commodities and value in motion. Tilley, C., Keane, W., Kuchler, S., Rowlands, M. & Spyer, P. (eds) Handbook of material culture. London: Sage: 285-302 [download here]

Freire, Paulo Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Hughes A. (2005) Corporate strategy and the management of ethical trade: The case of the UK food and clothing retailers. Environment and Planning A 37(7): 1145-1163

Hughes, A. (2007) Geographies of exchange and circulation: flows and networks of knowledgable capitalism. Progress in Human Geography 31(4): 527-535

Hughes, A. & Ruwanpura, K. (2013) Evaluating Ethical Workplace Standards: Corporate and Public Sector Workwear from Karachi, Pakistan. NHS Scotland Procurement (http://www.nhsscotlandprocurement.scot.nhs.uk/media/8856/dr_alex_hughes_pakistan_research_report_may_16th_2013.pdf last accessed 22 May 2014)

Hughes, A. & Reimer, S. (2004) Geographies of commodity chains. London: Routledge

Johns, R. & Vural, L. (2000) Class, geography and the consumerist turn: UNITE and the Stop Sweatshops Campaign. Environment and Planning A, 23: 1193-1213

Karliner, Joshua The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization (Sierra Club Books, 1997) on the impacts of corporate globalization.

Lesley, D. & Reimer, S. (1999) Spatialising commodity chains Progress in Human Geography 

Lyne, M. Nielson, D.L. and Tierney, M.J. (2009) Controlling Coalitions: Social Lending at the Multilateral Development Banks”, The Review of International Organizations, 4:407-33

Lyon, Sarah & Moberg, Mark (2010) Fair Trade and Social Justice: Global Ethnographies, NYU Press

Meyer, R. (2007) “What’s Wrong with Exploitation?”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24: 137-50

Mendoza, R. U. (2003) “The Multilateral Trade Regime: A Global Public Good for All?”, in Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, New York: Oxford University Press

McIntyre, R. & Ramstad, Y. (2011) Not only Nike’s doing it: sweating and the contemporary labour market. in Welters. L. & Lillethun, A. (eds) The Fashion Reader (2nd edition), Oxford: Berg, 317-322

Micheletti, M. & Stolle, D. (2007) Mobilizing consumers to take responsibility for global social justice. Annals, AAPSS 611 (May): 157-175

Miller, D. (1987) “Exploitation in the Market”, in A. Reeve (ed.) Modern Theories of Exploitation, London, Sage Publications.

Salzinger, L. (2000) Manufacturing sexual subjects: harassment, desire and discipline on a maquiladora shopfloor Ethnography 1(1): 67-92

Sandlin, J. & Callahan, J. (2009) Deviance, dissonance & détournement: culture jammers’ use of emotion in consumer resistance. Journal of consumer culture 9(1): 79-115

Sandlin, J. & Milam, J. (2008) ‘Mixing pop culture and politics’: culture jamming and anti-consumption activism as critical public pedagogy. Curriculum inquiry 38(3): 323-50

Silvey, R. (2004) A wrench in the global works: anti-sweatshop activism on campus. Antipode

Snyder, R.L. (2008) Fugitive denim: a moving story of people and pants in the borderless world of global trade. London: Norton & Co [read about this here]

The Vacuum Cleaner (2007) How to play, prank and subvert the system. in Trapese Collective (eds) Do it yourself: a handbook for changing our world. London: Pluto, p.171-186 [link for downloading]

Trapese Collective (2007) Introduction: do it yourself. in their (eds) Do it yourself: a handbook for changing our world. London: Pluto, 1-10 [link for downloading]

Verson, J. (2007) Why we need cultural activism. in Trapese Collective (eds) Do it yourself: a handbook for changing our world. London: Pluto, 171-186 [link for downloading]

Wright, M. (1997) Crossing the factory frontier – gender, power and place in the Mexican maquiladora. Antipode 29(3): 278-302

Wright, M. (1999) The politics of relocation: gender, nationality and value in a Mexican maquiladora. Environment and Planning A 31: 1601-1617

Photo World Map