Mining Map – Layer 1

Chemicals and minerals:

Lithum:

Saudi Arabia, Afganistan, and:

Country	Production	Reserves[note 2]
World total	34,000	13,000,000
Chile	12,600	7,500,000
Australia	9,260	970,000
People’s Republic of China	5,200	3,500,000
Argentina	3,200	850,000
Portugal	820	10,000
Canada (2010)	480	180,000
Zimbabwe	470	23,000
Brazil	160	64,000

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is widely used in lithium ion battery cathodes. The material is composed of cobalt oxide layers in which the lithium is intercalated. During discharging the lithium intercalated between the layers is set free as lithium ion.[55] Nickel-cadmium [56] (NiCd) and nickel metal hydride [57] (NiMH) batteries also contain significant amounts of cobalt; the cobalt improves the oxidation capabilities of nickel in the battery.[56]

Cobalt:

The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite (see above), but most cobalt is obtained not by active mining of cobalt ores, but rather by reducing cobalt compounds that occur as by-products of nickel and copper mining activities. In 2005, the copper deposits in the Katanga Province (former Shaba province) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share

Copper:

This is list of countries by copper production is mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in June 2008. Some 2013 updates are provided for the top 10 producers based on USGS [1]

Rank	Country/Region	2006 Copper production (tonnes)	2013 Copper production (tonnes)
	World	15,100,000	17,900,000
1	Chile	5,360,800	5,700,000
2	United States	1,220,000	1,220,000
3	Peru	1,049,933	1,300,000
4	China	915,000	1,650,000
5	Australia	875,000	990,000
6	Indonesia	817,796	380,000
7	Russia	675,000	930,000
8	Zambia	502,998	830,000
9	Canada	606,958	630,000
10	Poland	497,200	430,000
11	Kazakhstan	459,200	440,000
12	Iran	249,100	255,000[2]
13	Papua New Guinea	194,355
14	Argentina	180,144
15	Brazil	147,836
16	DR Congo	131,400
17	Mongolia	129,675
18	Mexico	129,042
19	Uzbekistan	103,500
20	Bulgaria	99,000
21	South Africa	89,700
22	Sweden	86,746
23	Serbia	80,000
24	Portugal	78,660
25	Laos	60,803
26	India	31,000
27	Turkey	30,000
28	Botswana	24,255
29	Burma	19,500
30	Pakistan	18,700
31	Armenia	17,800
32	Philippines	17,700
33	Nigeria	16,200
34	Georgia	14,600
35	Finland	13,000
36	Romania	12,179
37	North Korea	12,000
38	Vietnam	11,400
39	Spain	8,700
40	Macedonia	7,054
41	Namibia	6,262
42	Mauritania	5,031
43	Morocco	4,500
44	Tanzania	3,285
45	Zimbabwe	2,581
46	Japan	1,000
47	Cyprus	900
48	Saudi Arabia	604
49	Colombia	600
50	Albania	400

Silver:

Photography used 30.98% of the silver consumed in 1998 in the form of silver nitrate and silver halides. In 2001, 23.47% was used for photography, while 20.03% was used in jewelry, 38.51% for industrial uses, and only 3.5% for coins and medals. The use of silver in photography has rapidly declined, due to the lower demand for consumer color film from the advent of digital technology; since 2007, of the 907 million ounces of silver in supply, just 117.6 million ounces (13%) were consumed by the photographic sector, about 50% of the amount used in photography in 1998. By 2010, the supply had increased by about 10% to 1056.8 million ounces, of which 72.7 million ounces were used in the photographic sector, a decline of 38% compared with 2007.[24]

Some electrical and electronic products use silver for its superior conductivity, even when tarnished. The primary example of this is in high quality RF connectors. The increase in conductivity is also taken advantage of in RF engineering at VHF and higher frequencies, where conductors often cannot be scaled by 6%, due to tuning requirements, e.g. cavity filters. As an additional example, printed circuits and RFID antennas can be made using silver paints,[7][25] and computer keyboards use silver electrical contacts. Silver cadmium oxide is used in high-voltage contacts because it can withstand arcing.

Some manufacturers produce audio connector cables, speaker wires, and power cables using silver conductors, which have a 6% higher conductivity than ordinary copper ones of identical dimensions, but cost much more. Though debatable, many hi-fi enthusiasts believe silver wires improve sound quality.[citation needed]

Small devices, such as hearing aids and watches, commonly use silver oxide batteries due to their long life and high energy-to-weight ratio. Another usage is high-capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries.

The principal sources of silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, China, Australia, Chile, Poland and Serbia.[7] Peru, Bolivia and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546, and are still major world producers. Top silver-producing mines are Cannington (Australia), Fresnillo (Mexico), San Cristobal (Bolivia), Antamina (Peru), Rudna (Poland), and Penasquito (Mexico).[51] Top near-term mine development projects through 2015 are Pascua Lama (Chile), Navidad (Argentina), Jaunicipio (Mexico), Malku Khota (Bolivia),[52] and Hackett River (Canada).[51] In Central Asia, Tajikistan is known to have some of the largest silver deposits in the world.[53]

Resin:

A few plants produce resins with different compositions, most notably Jeffrey Pine and Gray Pine, the volatile components of which are largely pure n-heptane with little or no terpenes.

Sulfur:

Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide. The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental sulfur by the Claus process. Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.[27] Another way of storing sulfur is as a binder for concrete, the resulting product having many desirable properties (see sulfur concrete).[28]

The world production of sulfur in 2011 amounted to 69 million tonnes (Mt), with more than 15 countries contributing more than 1 Mt each. Countries producing more than 5 Mt are China (9.6), US (8.8), Canada (7.1) and Russia (7.1).[29] While the production has been slowly increasing from 1900 to 2010, the price was much less stable, especially in the 1980s and around 2010.[30]

This bubble map shows the global distribution of sulphuric acid output in 2000 as a percentage of the top producer (China – 24,270,000 tonnes). This map is consistent with incomplete set of data too as long as the top producer is known. It resolves the accessibility issues faced by colour-coded maps that may not be properly rendered in old computer screens. Data was extracted on 16^th June 2007. Source – http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cdb/cdb_source_xrxx.asp?source_code=6 Based on :Image:BlankMap-World.png

Coltan/Tantalum:

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Australia	41.7%	45.7%	56.1%	54.8%	71.5%	75.9%	71.0%	73.8%	42.4%	54.3%	45.3%	55.9%	63.9%	59.8%	56.4%	61.9%	54.9%	50.6%	46.8%	12.1%
Brazil	22.7%	17.6%	15.0%	16.1%	15.0%	13.9%	14.1%	13.4%	39.8%	25.6%	17.8%	17.8%	13.6%	15.6%	14.9%	15.7%	20.2%	20.6%	15.1%	26.9%
Canada	21.7%	19.5%	12.0%	8.1%	10.8%	9.1%	14.1%	12.0%	7.3%	8.4%	5.3%	6.5%	3.9%	4.3%	4.0%	4.6%	6.4%	5.2%	3.4%	3.7%
D.R. Congo	2.5%	3.4%	2.0%	1.9%	0.3%	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	12.1%	5.1%	2.0%	1.2%	1.4%	2.4%	1.6%	8.1%	8.4%	13.0%
Africa. excl.DR Congo	11.4%	13.8%	14.8%	19.0%	2.4%	0.8%	0.8%	0.7%	10.5%	11.8%	19.4%	14.7%	16.5%	19.1%	23.3%	15.5%	16.8%	15.5%	26.3%	44.3%

Phenol: Phenol is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.

Chromium:

Chromium is mined as chromite (FeCr2O4) ore.[10] About two-fifths of the chromite ores and concentrates in the world are produced in South Africa, while Kazakhstan, India, Russia, and Turkey are also substantial producers. Untapped chromite deposits are plentiful, but geographically concentrated in Kazakhstan and southern Africa.[11]

RAW MATERIAL (used in several camera components)

Oil:

#	Producing Nation	103bbl/d (2006)	103bbl/d (2007)	103bbl/d (2008)	103bbl/d (2009)	Present Share
1	Saudi Arabia (OPEC)	10,665	10,234	10,782	9,760	11.8%
2	Russia1	9,677	9,876	9,789	9,934	12.0%
3	United States1	8,331	8,481	8,514	9,141	11.1%
4	Iran (OPEC)	4,148	4,043	4,174	4,177	5.1%
5	China	3,846	3,901	3,973	3,996	4.8%
6	Canada2	3,288	3,358	3,350	3,294	4.0%
7	Mexico1	3,707	3,501	3,185	3,001	3.6%
8	United Arab Emirates(OPEC)	2,945	2,948	3,046	2,795	3.4%
9	Kuwait (OPEC)	2,675	2,613	2,742	2,496	3.0%
10	Venezuela (OPEC) 1	2,803	2,667	2,643	2,471	3.0%
11	Norway1	2,786	2,565	2,466	2,350	2.8%
12	Brazil	2,166	2,279	2,401	2,577	3.1%
13	Iraq (OPEC) 3	2,008	2,094	2,385	2,400	2.9%
14	Algeria (OPEC)	2,122	2,173	2,179	2,126	2.6%
15	Nigeria (OPEC)	2,443	2,352	2,169	2,211	2.7%
16	Angola (OPEC)	1,435	1,769	2,014	1,948	2.4%
17	Libya (OPEC)	1,809	1,845	1,875	1,789	2.2%
18	United Kingdom	1,689	1,690	1,584	1,422	1.7%
19	Kazakhstan	1,388	1,445	1,429	1,540	1.9%
20	Qatar (OPEC)	1,141	1,136	1,207	1,213	1.5%
21	Indonesia	1,102	1,044	1,051	1,023	1.2%
22	India	854	881	884	877	1.1%
23	Azerbaijan	648	850	875	1,012	1.2%
24	Argentina	802	791	792	794	1.0%
25	Oman	743	714	761	816	1.0%
26	Malaysia	729	703	727	693	0.8%
27	Egypt	667	664	631	678	0.8%
28	Colombia	544	543	601	686	0.8%
29	Australia	552	595	586	588	0.7%
30	Ecuador (OPEC)	536	512	505	485	0.6%
31	Sudan	380	466	480	486	0.6%
32	Syria	449	446	426	400	0.5%
33	Equatorial Guinea	386	400	359	346	0.4%
34	Thailand	334	349	361	339	0.4%
35	Vietnam	362	352	314	346	0.4%
36	Yemen	377	361	300	287	0.3%
37	Denmark	344	314	289	262	0.3%
38	Gabon	237	244	248	242	0.3%
39	South Africa	204	199	195	192	0.2%
40	Turkmenistan	No data	180	189	198	0.2%
41	Trinidad and Tobago	181	179	176	174	0.1%

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Wolframite:

Tungsten is found in the minerals wolframite (iron–manganese tungstate, (Fe,Mn)WO4), scheelite (calcium tungstate, (CaWO4), ferberite (FeWO4) andhübnerite (MnWO4). China produced 51,000 tonnes of tungsten concentrate in 2009, which was 83% of the world output. In the prelude to WWII China’s production of tungsten played a role as China could use this leverage to demand material assistance from the US government.[23] Most of the remaining production originated from Russia (2,500 t), Canada (1,964 t), Bolivia (1,023 t), Austria (900 t), Portugal (900 t), Thailand (600 t), Brazil (500 t), Peru (500 t) and Rwanda (500 t).[24] Tungsten is also considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[25][26] Rising prices in 2014 have enabled works to reopen the disused Hemerdon Bal tungsten-tine mine in Plymouth in the United Kingdom.[27]

Cassiterite (tin):

Most sources of cassiterite today are found in alluvial or placerdeposits containing the resistant weathered grains. The best sources of primary cassiterite are found in the tin mines of Bolivia, where it is found in hydrothermal veins. Rwanda has a nascent cassiterite mining industry. Fighting over cassiterite deposits (particularly inWalikale) is a major cause of the conflict waged in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[5][6] This has led to cassiterite being considered a conflict mineral.

Cassiterite is a widespread minor constituent of igneous rocks. The Bolivian veins and the old exhausted workings of Cornwall, England, are concentrated in high temperature quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives. The veins commonly contain tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, wolframite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite. The mineral occurs extensively in Cornwall as surface deposits on Bodmin Moor, for example, where there are extensive traces of an hydraulic mining method known as streaming. The current major tin production comes from placer or alluvial deposits in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Maakhir region of Somalia, and Russia.Hydraulic mining methods are used to concentrate mined ore, a process which relies on the high specific gravity of the SnO2 ore, of about 7.0.

Steel:

Rank	Country/Region	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
—	World	1,351.3	1326.5	1,219.7	1,413.6	1,490.1	1552.9	1607.2
1	People’s Republic of China	494.9	500.3	573.6	626.7	683.3	724.7	779.0
–	European Union	210.2	198.2	139.3	172.8	177.7	168.6	165.6
2	Japan	120.2	118.7	87.5	109.6	107.6	107.2	110.6
3	United States	98.1	91.4	58.2	80.6	86.2	88.6	87.0
4	India	53.5	57.8	62.8	68.3	72.2	77.3	81.2
5	Russia	72.4	68.5	60.0	66.9	68.7	70.6	69.4
6	South Korea	51.5	53.6	48.6	58.5	68.5	69.3	66.0
7	Germany	48.6	45.8	32.7	43.8	44.3	42.7	42.6
8	Turkey	25.8	26.8	25.3	29.0	34.1	35.9	34.7
9	Brazil	33.8	33.7	26.5	32.8	35.2	34.7	34.2
10	Ukraine	42.8	37.3	29.9	33.6	35.3	32.9	32.8
11	Italy	31.6	30.6	19.7	25.8	28.7	27.2	24.1
12	Taiwan	20.9	19.9	15.7	19.6	22.7	20.7	22.3
13	Mexico	17.6	17.2	14.2	17.0	18.1	18.1	18.4 est
14	France	19.3	17.9	12.8	15.4	15.8	15.6	15.7
15	Iran	10.1	10.0	10.9	12.0	13.0	14.5	15.4
16	Spain	19.0	18.6	14.3	16.3	15.6	13.6	13.7
17	Canada	15.6	14.8	9.0	13.0	13.1	13.5	12.5 est
18	United Kingdom	14.3	13.5	10.1	9.7	9.5	9.6	11.9
19	Poland	10.6	9.7	7.2	8.0	8.8	8.4	8.0
20	Austria	7.6	7.6	5.7	7.2	7.5	7.4	7.9
21	South Africa	9.1	8.3	7.5	8.5	6.7	7.1	7.2 est
22	Belgium	10.7	10.7	5.6	8.1	8.1	7.4	7.1
23	Egypt	6.2	6.2	5.5	6.7	6.5	6.6	6.8
24	Netherlands	7.4	6.8	5.2	6.7	6.9	6.9	6.7 est
25	Malaysia	6.9	6.4	4.0	4.1	5.9	5.6	5.9 est
26	Vietnam	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.7	4.9	5.3	5.6
27	Saudi Arabia	4.6	4.7	4.7	5.0	5.3	5.2	5.4
28	Czech Republic	7.1	6.4	4.6	5.2	5.6	5.1	5.2
29	Argentina	5.4	5.5	4.0	5.1	5.7	5.0	5.2
30	Australia	7.9	7.6	5.2	7.3	6.4	4.9	4.6 est
31	Slovakia	5.1	4.5	3.7	4.6	4.2	4.4	4.5
32	Sweden	5.7	5.2	2.8	4.8	4.9	4.3	4.4
33	Finland	4.4	4.4	3.1	4.0	4.0	3.8	3.5
34	Thailand	5.6	5.2	3.6	3.7	4.2	3.3	3.5 est
35	Kazakhstan	4.8	4.3	4.1	4.3	4.7	3.9	3.3 est
36	Romania	6.3	5.0	2.7	3.9	3.8	3.3	2.9
37	United Arab Emirates	0.09	0.09	0.2	0.5	2.0	2.4	2.9 est
38	Indonesia	4.2	3.9	3.5	3.6	3.6	2.3	2.4 est
39	Belarus	2.4	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.3
40	Venezuela	5.0	4.2	3.8	2.2	3.1	2.4	2.3
—	Others[6]	30.7 (est.)	28.6 (est.)	23.3 (est.)	26.5 (est.)	29.9	29.5	28.4

Chemicals:

Silver halide – A halide is made out of two parts, a halogen atom, (produced by a mineral or salt) and a less or more electronegative atom, to create for example fluoride or chloride.

Amoniac – Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.

Gelatin – obtained from various animal products.

Alum – To obtain alum from alunite crystals it is calcined and then exposed to the action of air for a considerable time. During this exposure it is kept continually moistened with water, so that it ultimately falls to a very fine powder

Formaldehyd- is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol.

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